In the early 20th century there began a marked reorientation within analytic philosophy, with a concern for language gradually coming to supplant some of philosophy’s more traditional concerns. In fact, it’s not entirely meaningful to describe this as a trend within ‘analytic philosophy’ because this ‘linguistic turn’ was integral to the field formation of analytic philosophy in its current form. Therefore I think talk of a linguistic turn is entirely meaningful. It refers to a change of direction within a discipline which had important consequences for that discipline. However consider this list of other ‘turns’ within the social sciences and humanities:
- the linguistic turn
- the cultural turn
- the affective turn
- the sensory turn
- the reflexive turn
- the digital turn
- the participatory turn
- the narrative turn
- the biographical turn
- the spatial turn
- the social turn
- the interpretive turn
- the ontological turn
- the postmodern turn
- the practice turn
- the pragmatic turn
- the historical turn
- the discursive turn
- the cognitive turn
- the critical turn
- the computational turn
- the transnational turn
- the emotional turn
- the practical turn
- the neuroscientific turn
- the complexity turn
- the nonhuman turn
- the ethical turn
- the argumentative turn
- the action turn
- the animal turn
- the gender turn
- the constructivist turn
- the somatic turn
- the pictorial turn
- the auditory turn
- the communicative turn
- the dialogic turn
- the global turn
- the semiotic turn
- the theoretical turn
- the cosmopolitan turn
- the relational turn
- the naturalist turn
- the material turn (via Jesse in comments)
- the temporal turn (via martin eve)
- the insect turn (via martin eve)
With the exception of the cultural turn, I think these are all a bit silly. While the linguistic turn and (I think) the cultural turn were largely retrospective, proposing the concept as a way of making sense of a shift in focus that had already taken place, the invocation of other turns usually aims to be performative. In declaring a turn, we aim to bring that turn into being, implicitly positioning the text that declares the turn at the centre of the new tradition of inquiry.
When you see the scale with which turns are claimed, it gives the impression of disciplines unable to come to terms with their own lack of development. The hyperactive proclamation of new turns stands in for cumulative progress, often grounded in little more than a claim that a few people have published on this topic recently and that more should do so soon. To a certain extent it makes me despair but I also find it very interesting. I’m getting increasingly interested in shifting naming conventions (e.g. how does the ‘X turn’ relation to ‘X studies’?) and the role they play in shaping the unfolding of intellectual inquiry.
15 responses to “Can we have a ‘turn’ to end all turns?”
but analytical philosophy was killed by Richard Rortry?
I can’t tell if that’s a serious comment or not.
I’d say the use of ‘turns’ varies enormously: some uses are largely historical/retrospective names for important shifts, on the other end is when the term is used for a relatively minor branch of new work that the author wants to give the air of large-scale, discipline/sub-discipline encompassing change.
But what about the hybrids, turns that really are relatively large-scale, but are still on-going and the people participating in that turn are still competing for funding, articles in prestigious journals, etc.?
Also, a question, you list a bunch of turns from the social sciences and humanities, but which disciplines did they come from, exactly? ‘Turn rhetoric’ is everywhere in human geography in the UK, for instance, but not in economics. So who says it and who doesn’t?
I’d say the use of ‘turns’ varies enormously: some uses are largely historical/retrospective names for important shifts, on the other end is when the term is used for a relatively minor branch of new work that the author wants to give the air of large-scale, discipline/sub-discipline encompassing change.
But what about the hybrids, turns that really are relatively large-scale, but are still on-going and the people participating in that turn are still competing for funding, articles in prestigious journals, etc.?
Also, a question, you list a bunch of turns from the social sciences and humanities, but which disciplines did they come from, exactly? ‘Turn rhetoric’ is everywhere in human geography in the UK, for instance, but not in economics. So who says it and who doesn’t?
I think that’s VERY interesting. I’m just done a new post partly in response to your comment – I think this would really benefit from textual analysis of the particular turns and comparisons of their divergent features. It’s ultimately an empirical question and one I’d really like to know the answer(s) to.
You missed the material turn. One of my current favourites.
I would add:
The spectral turn
The posthuman turn
The ecological turn
https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=*_ADJ+turn%2Clinguistic+turn%2Ccultural+turn%2Contological+turn%2Cpostmodern+turn%2Cconstructivist+turn%2Csemiotic+turn%2Cposthuman+turn%2Ccomputational+turn&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t2%3B%2C%2A_ADJ%20turn%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3Bnew_ADJ%20turn%3B%2Cc0%3B%3Bgood_ADJ%20turn%3B%2Cc0%3B%3Bsudden_ADJ%20turn%3B%2Cc0%3B%3Bdifferent_ADJ%20turn%3B%2Cc0%3B%3Bsharp_ADJ%20turn%3B%2Cc0%3B%3Bnext_ADJ%20turn%3B%2Cc0%3B%3Bfirst_ADJ%20turn%3B%2Cc0%3B%3Bunexpected_ADJ%20turn%3B%2Cc0%3B%3Bown_ADJ%20turn%3B%2Cc0%3B%3Bfavourable_ADJ%20turn%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Clinguistic%20turn%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Ccultural%20turn%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Contological%20turn%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cpostmodern%20turn%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cconstructivist%20turn%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Csemiotic%20turn%3B%2Cc0
Apologies if the URL comes out mangled. Notice how `posthuman turn’ and `computational turn’ don’t even make a blip! You can see how `linguistic turn’, though, is a very real phenomenon with `cultural turn’ and `postmodern turn’ not all that far behind.
I posit that we are in the `Age of Inflection’
Is it necessarily ‘real’ vs ‘fake’ though? I wonder if this would be a way to empirically explore whether turns are less likely to be more succesful as more people use the rhetoric.
Hi …! I meant ‘real’ as in ‘relatively significant’ to be contrasted with ‘relatively insignificant’ (at least according to this metric) rather than to be contrasted with ‘fake’. I was frankly surprised that `computational turn’ didn’t move the dial given the age we live in. Also, I realised the other day that our various revolutions (Industrial, Internet, and so on) are also turns both figuratively and etymologically.
I posit that we are in the `Age of Involution’
Sorry I was being a bit of a pedant wasn’t I?
Totally agree re: ages – perhaps we need a general term to characterise this kind of rhetorical move.
Performative, posthumanist, postcolonial, graphic,
Might I add: the artistic turn (https://www.academia.edu/3703731/The_Artistic_Turn_A_Manifesto), a clear example of a performative turn (thanks for your insight!).
I feel the performative kind of turns entails a false form of self-reflection. One implies three stages: having looked at the own discipline, having found a problem, and having tried to redesign the discipline. However, the period of self-reflection seems so short that the reasons why a change was necessary are not clearly defined, with relevance issues in the redesigned discipline as a result. In the case of the artistic turn, there is not even a clear indication what actually preceded the turn; it proposes a new discipline (artistic research) out of the blue. There is little evidence of continuity with something else (I would say a ‘turn’ also implies continuity…).
@Robot Philosopher: indeed, the ‘Age of inflection’, or ‘Age of false self-reflection’ (with legitimizing language resembling cosmetic surgery)
– From an artistic researcher (somehow)
yes, thank you! sorry I missed this