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  • Seeing my response under the new description allows me to experience it in a new way

    From Cosmic Connections: Poetry in the Age of Disenchantment by Charles Taylor, loc 1313: We can see this if we think of cases of self-correction, such as, for instance, when I come to see that my anger at your action was not really indignation—that is, morally motivated—but that what really disturbed me was that it…

  • 🍂 Current mood in AI generated images #122

    Footfalls echo in the memoryDown the passage which we did not takeTowards the door we never openedInto the rose-garden. My words echoThus, in your mind. But to what purposeDisturbing the dust on a bowl of rose-leavesI do not know. Other echoesInhabit the garden. Shall we follow?- T.S. Eliot

  • What will the next stage of capitalism look like? Two possibilities from Cedric Durand responding to Brett Christophers

    From Landscapes of Capital, 86-87: The first is that rentierism will be displaced by a new form of capitalism which is more competitive and state-directed—capable of dynamizing the accumulation of productive capital and realigning financial claims to allow for their effective valorization. Under the whip of external competition, notably the rise of China, Western powers…

  • LLMs and cognitive lock in

    I found this a really thought-provoking argument from Morten Hansen about the commercialisation strategies for LLMs, developing from the familiar focus on monetising attention (surveillance capitalism etc) to monetising cognition: I propose that cognitive lock-ins can be defined as arrangements reconfiguring cognition across users and technology in ways that makes replication contingent on that specific…

  • An introduction to GenAI for Academics in 15 Minutes

    Find out more about the book here: https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/generative-ai-for-academics/book288289

  • The fruit of reconciliation and relief after immense suffering

    This was apparently Eliot’s inspiration for the Four Quartets: I have the A minor quartet on the gramophone, and find it quite inexhaustible to study. There is a sort of heavenly or at least more than human gaiety about some of his later things which one imagines might come to oneself as the fruit of…

  • What would it mean to take a deflationary stance towards Generative AI?

    I’ve been thinking recently about what a deflationary stance towards GenAI would look like. It’s a term I’ve often associated with Richard Rorty’s style, in which he is prone to ‘fuzzing up’ distinctions and trying to recover the pragmatic questions lurking behind overblown discussions. Filip Vostal captures it here in relation to the acceleration debate…

  • The GenAI debate is being filtered through social media in problematic ways

    I’ve recently seen repeated references to an Australian government study which shows that “Artificial intelligence is worse than humans in every way at summarising documents”, being confidently used to dismiss the mundane value of LLMs within organisations. Intrigued by how obviously wrong the popular framing has been (i.e. they’re obviously not worse in every way,…

  • The cultural politics of AI and the impasse of atomisation

    This extract from a recent Rob Horning newsletter left me thinking about my frustration with ‘AI realism‘ in the mode of Mark Fisher’s Capitalist Realism. Horning describes what we could think of as the impasse of atomisation: The Verge articles take it for granted that this “we” won’t come together and will never be ready…

  • When will the AI bubble burst? What will be left behind?

    It must surely burst at some point, but it’s interesting reading this New Statesman piece from early August suggesting that the sharp dip in July could turn out to be a parallel to the dot com crash: he dot-com crash began on a Friday – 10 March 2000 – but it wasn’t named as such…

  • Disillusioned Awakenings in Dark Times: Reading Bernard Stiegler after the Covid Event

    The discussion of the ‘so called Covid crisis’ which was ‘not a health crisis at all’ kicks in at 17 minutes 👇 I found this really grim, though quite thought-provoking on how the sophisticated conceptual vocabulary of philosophy of technology can co-exist with the crude vocabulary of ‘false science’, ‘scams’ and ‘criminality’.

  • An example of using Claude to ask questions from Kindle highlights and notes

    I extracted my Kindle highlights and notes from Bernard Stiegler’s Philosophising by Accident and shared it in the context of an ongoing conversation about LLMs. Here are Claude’s suggestions for questions which could link Stiegler’s work to the investigation:

  • Current mood in AI generated images #121

  • I’ve been free associating with Claude 3 which is now enthusiastically free associating back to me

    So let’s free associate together for a moment. When I sit with the phrase “creative darkness”, a few things come to mind:- The mythological motif of the hero’s descent into the underworld, a journey of trials and transformation- The incubation stage of the creative process, where ideas marinate below conscious awareness- The Dark Night of…

  • How to free associate

    From Irvin Yalom’s Creatures of a Day pg 43: Think of that statement … just free associate to it, by which I mean: you try to let your mind run free and just observe it as though from a distance and describe all the thoughts that run across it, almost as though you were watching…

  • The more I consider the world, the more I realize that it’s supposed to have a cohesion that no longer exists

    From The Collected Schizophrenias by Esme Weijun Wang pg 127: I mean this not only of dailiness, which is full of restless hours that must somehow be spent, but also the sky, the walls, the trees, my dog, the windows, the curtains, the floor—all of which are but a small portion of everything that needs…

  • On being sane in insane places

    Saving this for myself to read later. Unsettling experiment in which researchers deliberately got themselves sectioned in order to gain first-person experience of psychiatric facilities 😮

  • How we integrate GAI into teaching will be as much determined by political economy as pedagogical purpose

    I fully agree with Mairéad Pratschke’s analysis here in Generative AI and Education: Digital Pedagogies, Teaching Innovation and Learning Design. From loc 2231: The innovation we have seen in digital education over the last two decades risks being undermined if we use GAI to revert to outdated models of delivery. GAI, rather than increasing automation…

  • Current mood in AI generated images #120

  • What the gardener ruining my shrubs illustrates about prompting LLMs

    I came home recently to find that my request to a gardener to “cut back the shrubs” led him to absolutely decimate them: What does ‘cut back’ mean? I meant slightly trim overgrowth but leave them otherwise intact. It was a text I sent while travelling and listening to a podcast, without putting much real…

  • I just discovered Therapist Reaction YouTube and I can’t stop watching it

    It’s weirdly engaging content but what are the clinical implications of this? Imagine how transference would be inflected through a parasocial relationship with a therapist who does reaction videos? I prefer this one but it won’t embed for some reason: https://youtu.be/JxSo5sVKe5Q?si=zYAGpnAXelZOuzQt

  • Current mood in AI generated images #119

  • Scholarly publishing creaking under the weight of GenAI

    I’m just finishing off the proofs for Generative AI for Academics. I think this prediction written last summer (god publishing books is slow) is holding up depressingly well: I suspect these productions will thrive within the ecosystem of openly predatory pay-to-play journals, as well as those more ambiguous cases where publication is tacitly transactional between…

  • Reflexivity was always integral to Margaret Archer’s macro-sociology

    From The Social Origins of Educational Systems loc 967: A basic mediatory mechanism is postulated which carries out this shaping process. It consists in the structural relations of contradiction or complementarity distributing frustrating or rewarding experiences to different situations in which actors find themselves. Where contradiction characterizes relations between elements, strains are experienced as exigencies…

  • He came home from the war with a party in his head

    Well, he came home from the war with a party in his headAnd an idea for a fireworks displayAnd he knew that he’d be ready with a stainless steel macheteAnd a half a pint of Ballentine’s each dayAnd he holed up in room above a hardware storeCryin’ nothing there but Hollywood tears

  • Why hasn’t Twitter/X died yet?

    I’ve spent the week wondering this as I contemplate deleting my Twitter account. There are influential people across every sector who have significant online followings who are reluctant to leave but the logic of this is complex: These reasons create a coordination problem. As long as there are a critical mass of influential users within…

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #118

  • The liquidation of significance and symbolic misery

    From Bernard Stiegler’s Acting Out pg 56: Such is the consequence of symbolic misery, to which the liquidation of significance leads – and from which no one, in the end, escapes. It weighs or hangs like a phantom over so many dinners, for example, during which there is no longer anything to say.

  • If Donald Trump represents an insurgency against elites then why do so many billionaires support him?

    An insidious idea that I’ve encountered more frequently in recent years, particularly amongst people travelling in a post-left direction, is that Donald Trump represents an insurgency against elites even if he might in other respects have undesirable characteristics. If that’s the case then why do so many billionaires, as well as the foundations they fund,…

  • The frontier models still hallucinate wildly for literature searches

    Over the last few months I’ve slowly experimented with asking frontier models (GPT4o and Clade 3/3.5) for suggestions of literature on particular topics. It’s something which was obviously impossible with earlier models because of how uniformly they hallucinated references. In contrast the recent generation of models were capable of producing at least a few interesting…

  • I wish Anthropic would stop trying to optimise user engagement with Claude

    I understand why they’re doing this but there should be some way to turn it off:

  • Bev Skeggs on being a head of department: “a layer of protection against idiocy”

    This is a wonderful reflection from Bev Skeggs on a new website: Behind all academic research and writing lies an infrastructure of administration that is done at a department (or school, or faculty level). The department level is the most difficult as you are working with your colleagues with no institutional distance between you. A…

  • A poor lost and confused fox running down one of Manchester’s main shopping street in the middle of the day 😢

  • Hannah Arendt Consortium Launch event Sept 26th and 27th, 2024

    The Launch of the Hannah Arendt Consortium Thu 26 Sep 2024 9:30 AM – Fri 27 Sep 2024 9:00 PM University of Cambridge, Faculty of Education, Donald McIntyre Building, Room TBC, CB2 8PQ Hannah Arendt and Common Worldbuilding in a New Age of ExtremesConsortium Launch Event Deadline for Registration: September 10th, 2024 Conference Organisers: Professor Jo-Anne Dillabough, Associate Professor, Irit Katz, Dr Daniele Bassi (Post-Doctoral Fellow),…

  • Ridiculous the waste sad time stretching before and after

    From T.S. Eliot’s Burnt Norton: Timeless, and undesiringExcept in the aspect of timeCaught in the form of limitationBetween un-being and being.Sudden in a shaft of sunlightEven while the dust movesThere rises the hidden laughterOf children in the foliageQuick now, here, now, always—Ridiculous the waste sad timeStretching before and after.

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #117

  • And I have felt a presence that disturbs me with the joy of elevated thoughts

    From Tintern Abbey by William Wordsworth: And I have feltA presence that disturbs me with the joyOf elevated thoughts; a sense sublimeOf something far more deeply interfused,Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns,And the round ocean and the living air,And the blue sky, and in the mind of man:A motion and a spirit, that…

  • The limp charade of Cambridge in the 2020s

    From The City of Today is a Dying Thing, by Des Fitzgerald loc 3321 Here, it seemed, was Cambridge in miniature: on the surface, an ersatz recreation of classical antiquity, timeless, traditional, sedately unmoving; but hiding in plain sight was the only thing making this limp charade even half possible in the twenty-first century, viz.…

  • On getting what you want

    From Lacan’s Seminar X: Anxiety pg 306: Although ordinarily the fantasies of the obsessional subject, whatever level of luxuriance they may reach, are never executed, it does happen all the same that, through all sorts of conditions that postpone their enactment more or less indefinitely, he realizes his desire. Better still, it does sometimes happen…

  • What does habitual use of conversational agents do to your reading and writing?

    I realise I’m probably an outlier in terms of the quantity and quality (i.e. particularly discursive) use which I’m making of LLMs, particularly Claude 3 Opus which I’m still defaulting to for anything intellectually complex rather than immediately practical. I’ve noticed that my reading and writing have got more rushed over the last year, leaving…

  • Who’s to hold up the sky if not you and I?

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #116

  • Should other professional associations leave Twitter/X?

    I applaud this decision by the Association for Learning Technology 👏 should other professional associations leave? From 30 August 2024, ALT will cease all activity on X (formerly known as Twitter). Following recent events that conflict with our values and in consultation with our Trustees, staff, and members of the community, we will cease all…

  • IBM’s Paperwork Explosion Prefigures Hyped Claims about GenAI

    HT Naomi Baron

  • My notes on Surveillance Capitalism

  • My notes on Deep Work by Cal Newport

  • My notes on The Nowhere Office, by Julia Hobsbawm

  • My notes on The Metaverse and How It Will Revolutionise Everything, by Matthew Ball

  • My notes on Digital minimalism, by Cal Newport

  • My notes on Walter Lippmann’s Public Opinion

  • Claude can now replicate my writing style to an eery degree

    I’ve done some more work on the ‘voice print’ I developed last year. Effectively a two page prompt characterising the main features of my writing style. I’m not going to use this but I wanted to see if it could be done. In part because I assume other people must be doing this and more…

  • The moral force of attention and its psychic foundations

    I found this argument by L.M. Sacasas that ‘Enchantment is just the measure of the quality of our attention‘ immensely compelling. He’s one of the most interesting voices helping us escape from the panicked banalities of the digital distraction debate, by reconstructing the existential stakes which tend to get lost amidst the moral panic. I…

  • How to use Claude to analyse your eBook highlights and notes

    First go to the notes and highlights option for a particular eBook then ‘export’: This is the prompt I used with Claude 3.5 Sonnet: I’m an academic social theorist who is reading widely and intensively for a current research project about the social ontology of generative AI. The diversity of texts I’m reading at the…

  • Academic Publishing in an Era of ChatGPT

    In this episode of Generative Dialogues, Mark Carrigan and Helen Beetham discuss the implications of recent developments in academic publishing and generative AI. Key topics include: Throughout the conversation, Mark and Helen balance critical analysis of current trends with cautious exploration of potential positive developments and alternatives. They emphasize the need for academics to engage…

  • Generative AI Beyond the Bubble: Looking Ahead to the 24/25 Academic Year

    In this episode of Generative Dialogues, Mark Carrigan and Helen Beetham reflect on the past year of discussing generative AI and look ahead to future conversations. Key topics include: Throughout the discussion, Mark and Helen emphasize the need for a balanced approach to generative AI in education, combining critical analysis with practical exploration. They express…

  • LLMs and our lived relationship to the knowledge we produce

    This observation by Steven Connor in the Madness of Knowledge (loc 5976, my emphasis) feels extremely important for understanding what happens when academics start to habitually use LLMs. What I talk about in Generative AI for Academics in a practical mode as functional and expressive documents (or remixing your work for new audiences) is a…

  • “Dear Self, I know you’re crying out for help”

    Dear Self, I know you’re crying out for helpSo, I thought I’d write this letter, what are you now, like 12?I know it seems like the pressure’s stuck on highBut I’ve come from your future to tell ya it’s fineYou need to worry less about how you are perceivedAnd focus a bit more on the…

  • There’s poetry inside this city if you listen enough

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #115

    Nevertheless, you have infected me, your theme is still not exhausted, I want to add the finale, and when everything is at an end, give me your hand, so that we may begin again from the beginning. Let the dead bury their dead and mourn them. On the other hand, it is enviable to be…

  • In the near future academic copy editing will be AI-driven

    This firm works for a lot of the major university and commercial presses. I’d hazard a guess that copy editors “only managing exceptions and problems that are not yet handled by the copy editing engine” will not lead to better outcomes for authors 🤷‍♂️

  • Gillian Rose on the satisfaction of writing and the joyful agony of loving

    From Love’s Work pg 41: However satisfying writing is – that mix of discipline and miracle, which leaves you in control, even when what appears on the page has emerged from regions beyond your control – it is a very poor substitute indeed for the joy and the agony of loving. Of there being someone…

  • I have walked through many lives, some of them my own, and I am not who I was

    I have walked through many lives,some of them my own,and I am not who I was,though some principle of beingabides, from which I strugglenot to stray.[….]Though I lack the art to decipher it,no doubt the next chapterin my book of transformationsis already written.I am not done with my changes.- The Layers, by Stanley Kunitz

  • An affective and aesthetic fullness that can attach even to experiences of cognitive frustration

    I thought this was an incredible phrase from Eve Sedgwick’s Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity describing the photo of the artist Judith Scott embracing her own work, which adorns the cover of the book: I do feel close to Scott in that we evidently share a sensibility in which fibers and textures have particular value,…

  • Current mood in AI generated images #114

  • “The demons in your head are real and you can kill them”

    This is fascinating from Richard Seymour on the addictive cycles of threat and release, the excitement of being able to hit back at phobic objects, underpinning the contemporary far-right. He’s arguing that far-right formations are an emergent solution to the libidinal evisceration which late capitalism is giving rise to. Anger as a vector of meaning…

  • Against Dan McQuillan’s AI realism and for Holly Lewis’s AI realism

    I’m fully on board with this position from Holly Lewis, particularly the part I’ve highlighted. There’s a quite detailed proposal Beyond vibes, AI realists would be committed to grasping how the technology works, contextualizing it, and examining our intuitions, whether they be to vilify or idealize, to mystify or oversimplify. They would understand that models…

  • In dark times will there also be singing?

    In dark timesWill there also be singing? Yes, there will also be singingAbout the dark times- Bertolt Brecht

  • The newly united Democratic Party is running on vibes but they are excellent vibes

    Mr Secretary, the South’s got something to say…. Was this communications playbook just sitting in a drawer somewhere at the DNC headquarters? 🤷‍♂️ There’s so much they’ve been doing in the last month which they could have started years ago. While I think there are dangers ahead for a campaign so memetically frothy, it makes…

  • Playing in the ruins of your past expectations

    I identified hugely with this wonderful piece by Sasha Chapin about the “precious state of being” which can emerge “when expectation breaks down, and you are living in a shipwreck of your expectations”. It is a forced confrontation with “Who am I actually, in this fallen place, this actuality foreign to my hopes and dreams”.…

  • Pieter Bruegel the Elder

  • Current mood in AI generated images #113

  • 🏃‍♂️ Claude the exercise coach

    Given that you’re only two months into running, this new information puts your situation into clearer context. Here’s what to consider:Normal adaptation: It’s quite common for new runners to experience various aches and pains as their bodies adapt to the new activity. The lower abdominal soreness you’re feeling could very well be part of this…

  • Pandemic trauma as a driver of far-right radicalisation

    Excellent piece from The Manchester Mill: It wasn’t just about how much time people were spending online. Lewis now recalls that period as a moment when he could feel the presence of the state up close. “It was the first time in our lives we’d seen the government say: ‘You’re gonna do what we tell…

  • Minimalism as a philosophy of post-neoliberalism

    I tried watching this but found the people involved so unbearably irritating I could only get thirty minutes into it. It did make me wonder if lifestyle minimalism, which seemed modish amongst digital nomads and aspiring digital elites in the 2010s, could be seen as an early adaptation to post-neoliberalism. After two years of rapidly…

  • The libidinal economy of symbolisation

    The emphasis placed in Lacanian psychoanalysis on symbolisation isn’t an open-ended matter of putting everything into words. It rests on an account of libidinal economy in which some inarticulate matters are stumbling blocks for the subject, whereas others are not. This is how Bruce Fink describes it in the Lacanian subject: One of the faces…

  • I keep having dreams of things I need to do and waking up and not following through

    I keep having dreams of things I need to doAnd waking up and not following throughBut it feels like I haven’t slept at allWhen I wake to a silence and she’s facing the wallPosters of Dylan and of HemingwayAn antique compass for a sailor’s escapeShe says you just can’t live this wayAnd I close my…

  • GenAI beyond the bubble

    What will be left after the GenAI bubble bursts? Probably quite a lot given the accelerating capital investment which big tech firms are making in AI 👇 Over the last two years I’ve argued consistently that conflating large language models (as a technological development) with ‘Generative AI’ (as a hype cycle and market bubble) is…

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #112

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #111

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #110

  • We don’t have to be unequal, it doesn’t have to be unfair, poverty isn’t inevitable

    Reading Lynne Segal’s (super) Radical Happiness: Moments of Collective Joy reminded me of the closing lines from Jeremy Corbyn’s acceptance speech in 2015: I say thank you to everyone for all their support, friendship and comradeship during this election process. And I say thank you in advance to us all working together to achieve great…

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #109

  • The weird poetry which ensues when Claude tries to read my handwriting

    Tbf I can’t read it either 🤷‍♂️ Now do my pearls of wisdom to crystalise:What have they been doing for days?Via early concerts + sand wars?To what extent are my insights a result of my own hardNow as they wither, you observe?What soulless void/void would they call to create? Do mybeliefs void help me?Key ->…

  • Live the questions now

    From Rilke’s Letters to a Young Poet: Be patient toward all that is unsolved in your heart and try to love the questions themselves, like locked rooms and like books that are now written in a very foreign tongue. Do not now seek the answers, which cannot be given you because you would not be…

  • Current mood in AI generated images #108

    I want to unfold.- Rilke

  • Eudaimonic Bubbles as a normative rather than analytical concept

    I was initially extremely sceptical of Tony Lawson’s concept of eudaimonic bubbles, particularly in so far as that an intellectual community could be conceived of as taking on a quasi-bounded quality in the manner he’s suggesting: That answer I defend or explore involves the creation of wider-community-specific flourishing-facilitating contingently protected sub-communities that I refer to…

  • 📍Call for blog posts: the Intellectual Legacy of Margaret Archer

    Following our recent symposium we are inviting short blog posts (750-1500 words) reflecting on the intellectual legacy of Margaret Archer. These will be published on the Critical Realism Network blog. Here are some examples of themes these posts could address: We welcome submissions from scholars at all stages of their careers, including graduate students and…

  • 💔 The takeover, the sweeping insensitivity of this

    All those yearsThey were here firstOily marks appear on wallsWhere pleasure moments hung beforeThe takeoverThe sweeping insensitivity of this

  • Communicating with a computer through inner speech

  • Technosolutionism meets anomie

    This is not satire as far as I can tell. I’m sure it will flop (though it’s only $99 which will help) but it’s part of a broader trend towards technosolutions for contemporary anomie. This is the feature of the GenAI landscape which I think critics are massively underestimating. I’m convinced the technology will facilitate…

  • Five propositions about the social ontology of generative AI

    A summary from Claude of the arguments Milan Stürmer and I have made in recent conversations we’ve been recording Based on the contents of your meeting transcripts, here are five propositions about the social ontology of generative AI, attempting to replicate your own voices:

  • I’ve been using WordPress for 17 years

    That’s slightly terrifying 😬

  • Contemporary fascism mobilises passions which are a (fleeting) escape from the paralysis borne of a dying civilization

    From Richard Seymour’s Patreon yesterday: Specifically, we need to consider, in the context of relentless social comparison, steepening class inequality, a culture of extolment of winners and sadism toward losers, and of the increasingly toxic psychological consequences of failure, the persecutory and vengeful passions secreted by the social body. Rather than simply blaming disinformation, or…

  • The psyche is intrinsically constituted by its relation to infinity

    the psyche is intrinsically constituted by its relation to infinity. This infinity is that object of infinite desire which, even though it does not exist (it is a fantasy), nevertheless consists … From the moment that American capitalism implements the “American way of life” as a new libidinal economy through the psychopower of marketing, it…

  • A philosophical sketch of two models of generative AI: conversational agents and copilots

    In Generative AI for Academics I argue there’s an important distinction between conversational agents (which when used properly require thought + reflection) and templated systems (which by definition are intended to avoid thought). I realised when reading Ethan Mollick earlier that this could be more helpfully framed as conversational agents and co-pilots: You see these…

  • Conversational agents can be sponsors of literacy

    I just encountered this notion via Tusting et al’s Academics Writing and it immediately helped me clarify the sense in which Claude now shows up in my professional lifeworld: Professional writing practices may be acquired and sustained as much through engaging with “sponsors of literacy”, as through formal training or education. Brandt develops this idea,…

  • The triangulation of centrists emboldens the far-right

    Over the last few days I’ve been thinking back to this Richard Seymour piece about the strange connections between centrists and the far-right: Against all this, official liberalism has one move, which is to supplement its growth discourse by triangulating the far-right. Just as Biden had sought to neutralise Trump by appropriating parts of his border…

  • Will OpenAI go the way of WeWork?

    I think this comparison by Gary Marcus is overstated because OpenAI have a remarkable (if flawed) product whereas WeWork had commercial office space masquerading as a disruptive innovation. But the structural case he’s making here cannot be dismissed and it’s easy to imagine how as a slow unravelling could rapidly accelerate: I said it before,…

  • The original source of the claim that ChatGPT overuses the word ‘delve’

    The original source of the claim that ChatGPT overuses the word ‘delve’ seems to be AI Phrase Finder which makes the claim on the basis of “our dataset of 50,000 ChatGPT responses”. No more information is provided about this dataset. There’s also no information provided about what constitutes the ‘most common words’ within it. Presumably…

  • I want the joy of simple colours

    I want the joy of simple colours, street organs, ribbons, flags, not a joy that takes my breath away and throws me into space alone where no one else can breathe with me, not the joy that comes from a lonely drunkenness. Anaïs Nin quoted on pg 24 of Lynne Segal’s Radical Happiness Drunk in…