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  • Artificial Intelligence and Social Theory in Education, Jan 24th in Bath/online

    The research group AI in HE that is part of the Research Centre Policy, Pedagogy and Practice (PPP) is holding an event on Friday 24th of January at in Mainhouse G-17 at Bath Spa university. We have a day long in-person and hybrid seminar to discuss different views and approaches to AI in education. The…

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #159

    Mural by Nick Hamilton in Manchester UK

  • Can LLMs sustain and transform affect

    From Affective Publics: Sentiment, Technology, and Politics, by Zizi Papacharissi pg 22: Therefore, media are capable of sustaining and transmitting affect, in ways that may lead to the cultivation of subsequent feelings, emotions, thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors. The intensity supporting these reactions can be transformed into value, and the tendency to evaluate labor or play…

  • Digital elites and reactionary modernism

    From Wikipedia: Reactionary modernism is a term first coined by Jeffrey Herf[1] in the 1980s to describe the mixture of “great enthusiasm for modern technology with a rejection of the Enlightenment and the values and institutions of liberal democracy” that was characteristic of the German Conservative Revolutionary movement and Nazism.[2] In turn, this ideology of reactionary modernism was closely linked to the original, positive view of the Sonderweg, which saw…

  • TikTok is the next stage in Elon Musk’s cultural machinery of reaction

    After writing this post in November I started getting preoccupied about the possibility of Elon Musk buying TikTok in the case of an American ban. Looks like the talks about this have now started: Chinese officials have reportedly held preliminary talks about a potential option to sell TikTok’s operations in the US to the billionaire Elon…

  • Eep! Eep! Eep!

  • #FreeOurFeeds – help secure the future of social media

    We are determined to free social media from billionaire control Social media once promised to be a global public square, connecting communities and sparking creativity. Yet it is now under the control of a few billionaires, used to advance their own political and business objectives. Building on the foundation built by the BlueSky team, we…

  • LLMs as engines of problematization

    It just occurred to me how relevant Foucault’s account* of sexual behaviour as “problematized, becoming an object of concern, an element for reflection, and a material for stylization” could be to understanding LLMs. The dichotomy of thinking with vs using as a substitute for thought which I built my guidebook around could instead be framed…

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #158

  • Mainstream betting sides offering 1/3 odds on Trump either disregarding or changing constitutional term limits

    This is very disturbing. The process of changing the term limit is deeply unlikely (it would need two-thirds approval in both houses of Congress and ratification by three-fourths of state legislatures) which means a mainstream betting side is offering the best odds on Trump disregarding the constitutional term limit. Indeed an ‘exit date’ of ‘2029…

  • Zupančič: How to live a life worth living

  • RenĂŠ Girard as reductive Lacanianism

    With the huge caveat I’m basing this entirely on a documentary, I was struck by the overlap between RenĂŠ Girard and Lacan’s analysis of desire. Both seek to address the question “why do we want what we want?” but Girard does it through a singular concept of mimesis, the essentially imitative nature of desire. We…

  • Things Hidden: The Life and Legacy of RenĂŠ Girard | Full Length Documentary

  • I just discovered there is a Capoeira fighter in the UFC and it’s stunning

  • Social ontology matters for how we attribute causality in relation to emerging technologies

    From If… Then: Algorithmic Power and Politics, by Taina Bucher: What remained puzzling throughout the ordeal was the apparent lack of vocabulary available to talk about what it is that algorithms do or are even capable of doing, as exemplified in the repeated attribution of bias either to the algorithm or to the humans involved.…

  • Why did the Bluesky migration succeed where the Mastodon migration failed?

    I’m not the right person to address this but I think it’s a fascinating question, prompted by this analysis of the failed Mastodon migration: Results from longitudinal analysis of Mastodon user data showedthat the initial surge in sign-ups did not translate into sustainedlong-term user engagement. Most recent user activity on Twitterreveals that many academics in…

  • Foucault’s approach to writing

    From a fascinating interview with his partner Daniel Defert: Daniel Defert: Absolutely! He said once to me in a phrase which I remember well, “Intellectual work doesn’thave enough materiality. One has to construct that materiality by working to a strict schedule, one has to work the same hours every day, just like one would in…

  • What would it look like if Generative AI firms embrace MAGA?

    It’s hard to interpret Meta’s announcement of suspending fact checking and DEI initiatives (Amazon also), along with Joel Kaplan replacing Nick Clegg, as Zuckerberg getting into line with the new power structure in the US. It would be a mistake to read this as a liberal hero being subordinated to a tyrant, given that this…

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #157

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #156

  • Hope is a verb with its sleeves rolled up

    Thanks Susan Brown for introducing me to this amazing quote from David Orr: Hope is a verb with its sleeves rolled up. Hopeful people are actively engaged in defying or changing the odds. Optimism leans back, puts its feet up, and wears a confident look, knowing that the deck is stacked.

  • You were not on the receiving end of it all

  • Interview with Science Magazine about academic Bluesky

    I really enjoyed this interview: The lack of an algorithm could also reduce some of the negative effects of social media, says Jay Van Bavel, a psychologist at New York University. “For instance, it won’t incentivize posts that drive conflict/comments, which were prioritized by the algorithm on X.” That could have a tremendous effect over…

  • Why I find Manchester in 2025 architecturally depressing, but in an interesting way, in one photo

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #155

    Mural by Nick Hamilton in Manchester UK I live my life in ever widening circles,each superseding all the previous ones.Perhaps I never shall succeed in reachingthe final circle, but attempt I will.- Rainer Maria Rilke, from Book of Hours

  • Hope is essential to our survival and our flourishing

    From Nick Cave’s most recent Red Hand Files: So, what is hope, and what is hope for? Hope is an emotional temper that emboldens the heart to be active, it is a condition, a mood, an aura of being. It is a feat of the imagination, both courageous and ingenious, a vitality that inspires us to take…

  • Purpose building as an intellectual strategy

    I was quite inspired by this call for papers from my UoM colleagues 👇 I’ve added a few bolds to emphasise what resonated with me. I’ve tried to say something similar in multiple contexts but struggle to articulate it so powerfully. This is part of why I always go on about academic reflexivity, recognising why…

  • My last 10 Claude conversation topics

    It occurred to me what an interesting elicitation device it would be for qualitative research on LLM use in everyday life to ask people what their last 10 conversation topics are. Not because they are inherently meaningful but as a way to see the range, as well as to prompt discussion about what these meant…

  • I asked a librarian if he had a book about Pavlov’s dogs and SchrĂśdinger’s cat

    He said it rings a bell but he wasn’t sure if they had it or not 🥁

  • LLMs are now in the lifeworld

    This episode of Hardfork astutely captures something I’ve been trying to articulate for ages. If you see LLMs in terms of the hype cycles, capital investment and the bullshit pathway to AGI, you risk losing sight of the ever expanding range of utterly mundane ways in which LLMs are now in the lifeworld: I think…

  • There will be 13 billionaires in the Trump administration

    It is the wealthiest administration in American history 👇 does any past administration even come close to this? President-elect Donald Trump has assembled the wealthiest presidential administration in modern history, with at least 13 billionaires set to take on government posts. They include a wrestling magnate, a private space pioneer, a New York real estate developer, the…

  • Rebecca Solnit on the politics of hope

    I found this interview with Rebecca Solnit on the (always excellent) Conspirtuality podcast quite inspiring. I’ve uploaded it here because I couldn’t see another way of embedding the podcast on wordpress, but please do visit their site if you haven’t already. What stood out to me about this was her insistence that you don’t need…

  • “If H5 is ever going to be a pandemic, it’s going to be now”

    I can’t stop thinking about how this would play out in the US, after reading this very informative Science article about the near term likelihood of a bird flu pandemic: If the world finds itself amid a flu pandemic in a few months, it won’t be a big surprise. Birds have been spreading a new…

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #154

  • Using reasoning models to support theory-building

    If you’ve not tried this, I highly recommend it. I’ve barely scratched the surface but this was GPT o1’s response to the question: “Should the category of ‘platform’ be a central category of sociological analysis, analogous to ‘structure’ and ‘agency’?”

  • How are people using Claude?

    It’s the more idiosyncratic uses which really fascinate me though: -Dream interpretation; -Analysis of soccer matches; -Dungeons & Dragons gaming; -Counting the r’s in the word “strawberry”.

  • The enshittification of Spotify

    First you push payments to content creators down to near zero, then you squeeze out the creators all together 👇 in the process seamlessly normalising muzak in the listening experience of users who trusted the algorithm to feed them work they would value. What I uncovered was an elaborate internal program. Spotify, I discovered, not…

  • How much time does Elon Musk spend tweeting each day?

    Taylor Lorenz reports on the long speculated possibility of Elon Musk having sock puppet accounts: Over the weekend, a Twitter Space hosted by right-wing influencer Laura Loomer devolved into chaos when an account named “Adrian Dittmann” joined the discussion. The user, who spoke with an eerily familiar voice, relentlessly defended Elon Musk. Immediately people began…

  • Lacan lecturing in English: Of Structure as an Inmixing of an Otherness Prerequisite to any Subject whatever

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #153

  • 📖 Things I’ve read in 2025

    Building on last year’s habit I’m going to record books and papers, in the hope I read more of the latter this year. Books I’ve read in 2025: Papers I’ve read in 2025:

  • Goodbye 2024 👋

    This was a very fine year. I have walked through many lives,some of them my own,and I am not who I was,though some principle of beingabides, from which I strugglenot to stray.[….]Though I lack the art to decipher it,no doubt the next chapterin my book of transformationsis already written.I am not done with my changes.-…

  • The first reviews of Generative AI for Academics have arrived

    And they are lovely 😊 As a PhD student researching the impact of GenAI on university students (while also a new professor), it felt like this book was written for me. Carrigan immediately identified the scariest part of GenAI – its ability to dismantle the trusting relationships between faculty and students. By (at least partially)…

  • A condition of complete simplicity, costing not less than everything

    Not known, because not looked forBut heard, half-heard, in the stillnessBetween two waves of the sea.Quick now, here, now, always–A condition of complete simplicity(Costing not less than everything)And all shall be well andAll manner of thing shall be wellWhen the tongues of flames are in-foldedInto the crowned knot of fireAnd the fire and the rose…

  • 2024: a (work) year in review

    In the first few months of the year my writing focus was on Generative AI for Academics. It took a lot of work to get the draft into shape, compounded by my tendency to procrastinate at the editing stage. When that was done I wrote a structured series of 24 blog posts about how to…

  • My 25 favourite films of 2024

  • My 20 favourite books of 2024

    I read more this year than I have in ages. Here are my top 20 👇 obviously many of these were published before 2024, I just read them this year:

  • ⚡️ The God War: my first attempt at Marvel fan fiction

    In the heart of Manhattan, a teenage mutant’s powers accidentally manifest, amplifying Franklin Richards’ reality-warping abilities and tearing a hole in existence itself. This catastrophic event reveals a terrible truth: the growing number of god-level mutants is causing reality to break down. Each use of their powers creates microscopic fractures in the universe, and now…

  • The anxiety of individualisation

    From On Anxiety by Reneta Salecl, loc 2092: The Other is for the subject always ‘anxiogen’, since it constantly forces the subject to ask ‘Who am I?’, and especially, ‘Who am I for the Other?’ However, as this book has shown, in post-industrial societies, the subject is also perceived as a self-inventor and as someone…

  • Lacan on the anxiety of love

    From On Anxiety by Renata Salecl, loc 1320: Love is linked to the fact that in the end we know nothing about the object that attracts us in the Other, and that at the same time the Other knows nothing about this object that is in him more than himself, i.e. what makes someone attracted…

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #152

  • Current mood in AI generated images #151

  • Companions in the infinite rather than comfort animals

    From Nina Power’s What Do Men Want? pg 146: If we instead conceive of time not as a purchase against the future in which the other is a kind of investment, but rather as a perpetual and joyful present, we might start to understand and love each other better. Think of a relationship with someone…

  • What is Elon Musk’s end game?

    If Bernie Sanders is right that Elon Musk’s recent intervention marks the point at which America definitely made the transition into oligarchy, what is his end game? Where is it going? What is he hoping to achieve beyond getting ever wealthier? As well as teasing at interventions into UK politics in support of Reform, he…

  • Wrestling as an incubator of conspiracy culture

    This account from Abraham Josephine Riesman’s Ringmaster: Vince McMahon and the Unmaking of America crystallises an idea slowly occurring to me while watching the Netflix Vince McMahon documentary and the brilliant Behind The Bastards series on this: From loc 113: These days, if you’re a wrestling fan, you understand that wrestling is fiction. You know…

  • The fantasy of knowledge as attempt to foreclose otherness

    From Darian Leader’s Why do women write more letters than they post? The paradox here is well known: the more you try to undo the separation, by understanding the other person, the more the separation is reinforced. It is not simply a question of confronting the basic difference of one’s partner. Understanding wants more: it…

  • The social imaginary of middle class 90s kids

    What was it like to grow up with this ideology, described here by Renata Salecl in On Anxiety (loc 643), particularly for those whose material conditions reflected this fantasy back to them? What are the implications of this for how the ruptures of the 2020s/2030s will play out for a generation who imbibed this message…

  • A list of interesting Generative AI tools I want to explore

    Acoust.io – https://www.acoust.io/ Adorilabs – https://www.adorilabs.com/ AI Cards – https://ai-cards.org/ Arc Browser – https://techcrunch.com/2023/10/03/arc-browsers-new-ai-powered-features Are.na – https://www.are.na/ Bolt – https://bolt.new/ ClickUp – https://clickup.com/ Earkick – https://earkick.com/ Elicit – https://elicit.com/ Hansei – https://hansei.app/ HeyGen – https://www.heygen.com/ Jamworks – https://jamworks.com/ Jupitrr – https://jupitrr.com/ Kagi – https://kagi.com/ Limitless AI – https://www.limitless.ai/ Mem AI – https://apps.apple.com/us/app/mem-ai-notes-search-chat/id1578757028 Mighty Networks –…

  • You’ll need somebody when you come to die

    There’ll be three white horses in a lineThere’ll be three white horses in a lineThere’ll be three white horses when you go that wayYou’ll need somebody when you come to die

  • We need a conceptual framework for LLMs and social visibility

    As a literary executor I promised to maximise diffusion of my mentor’s work to extent I could without damaging its integrity. Now receiving requests from publisher to license training on the books. This certainly aids diffusion by increasing visibility within the model but does it damage integrity? We still lack a conceptual framework for thinking about…

  • The enshittification of enshittification

    I wonder if Cory Doctorow finds the misuse of the concept of ‘enshittification’ as annoying as I increasingly do. It had a precise analytical meaning which is increasingly lost in an idiomatic use which means something ‘gets shit’. The concept concerned HOW this happened rather than THAT it happened. The idiomatic use could be deployed…

  • The coming wave of AI-driven automation in UK higher education

    What could go wrong? 👀 just registered for this event in January This free online event from Wonkhe and Salesforce will explore how AI powered technology can make a tangible impact. We’ll also take a deeper look into the concept of autonomous agents – AI driven tools that can handle complex tasks autonomously. From enabling more personalised…

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #150

  • There are a huge number of Generative AI for Academics courses for sale on Udemy

    It would be really interesting to explore who is developing these, how much their framings overlap and what assumptions are being made in them:

  • So you were born and that was a good day, some day you’ll die and that is a shame

  • Interview with Inside Higher Education about AI text books

    From this piece about the controversial UCLA literature textbook: Mark Carrigan, a senior lecturer in education at the University of Manchester who wrote the forthcoming book Generative AI for Academics, said in an email to Inside Higher Ed that while the prospect of AI replacing professors isn’t “an immediate threat,” he is concerned “that tasks could be gradually…

  • Music can grip us with the energy of a religious conversion. Once it is heard, one never experiences the world in quite the same way

    From On Mysticism: The Experience of Ecstasy by Simon Critchley, loc 214: [my emphasis] By “music” here, I simply mean the music that you love, popular music, unpopular music, the music that made you feel most alive when you first heard it and which you cherish for a lifetime. And there is more sweet music…

  • “It was the first time in my life where I felt an escape from my head”

    It was the first time in my life where I felt an escape from my head. I felt a reprieve. I felt this like elation. This moment of all of these thoughts in my head are gone. And I’m here with this bottle and no one’s around and I get to be a secret. I…

  • We sell our dreams and our potential to escape through that buzz

    I’ve seen my peoples’ dreams dieI see what they can be deniedAnd “weed’s not a drug” that’s denialGroundhog day life repeat each timeI’ve seen Oxycontin take three livesI grew up with them, we used to chief dimesI’ve seen cocaine bring out the demons insideCheatin’ and lyin’Friendship cease, no peace in the mindStealin’ and takin’ anything…

  • New couples employ basically the same tactics that cults do

    From Wellness by Nathan Hill loc 1689: He says new couples employ basically the same tactics that cults do—they reinforce a collective identity via shared rituals, insider vocabulary, a sense of superiority over the whole outside world—but lack a true cult’s impulse to recruit and brainwash followers. I know it’s intended as satire. And yet……

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #149

  • 🎉 Generative AI for Academics is out next week

    I’m pleased to announce my new book Generative AI for Academics is being published by Sage next week. The book maps how Large Language Models (LLMs) are reshaping scholarship and argues we need thoughtful approaches before institutional pressures force our hand. Drawing on a year of experimentation, I explore how LLMs like ChatGPT and Claude…

  • Gert Biesta on the three purposes of education

    From Taking Education Seriously: The Ongoing Challenge: With regard to the question of purpose, I have suggested that education actually has three purposes — or, more precisely, three domains of purpose — to attend to. I have referred to these as qualification, socialization, and subjectification. Qualification has to do with education’s task of providing children…

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #148

    The least, the softest, lightest, a lizard’s rustling, a breath, a breeze, a moment’s glance… All grows silent around him, voices sound farther and farther in the distance … his heart stands still, only his eye lives – Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra

  • On being realistic with students about platformisation

    I’ve increasingly come to believe that studying educational technology without experiencing its constraints, workarounds and breakdowns is like trying to learn to swim by reading books about water. The lived reality of platforms is filled with minor breakdowns, awkward compromises and institutional constraints which shape how they’re used in practice. Pretending otherwise just perpetuates the…

  • Current mood in AI generated images #147

  • Be aware your Bluesky posts are being scraped for AI training

    From TechCrunch in late November, highlighting a weakness of open architectures which a sprawling and varied critical literature on ‘openness’ had long pointed to: Bluesky might not be training AI systems on user content as other social networks are doing, but there’s little stopping third parties from doing so. Per a report by 404 Media, Daniel van Strien, a machine…

  • Ads and the enshittification of AI

    I disagree with Ed Zitron on a lot but I think this is spot on, with a real risk that OpenAI will enshittify their consumer-facing product before they even really get it working in a way that has broad appeal: OpenAI is reportedly looking at ads as a means to narrow the gap between its revenues…

  • New opportunity for independent critical realist researchers

    Fixed Term Opportunities for Researchers without a Permanent Academic Affiliation: Associate Membership of the Centre for Critical Realism The Centre for Critical Realism (CCR) is a small educational charity that aims to advance the education of the general public and practitioners in the study, research and application of critical realism. Its activities include acting as…

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #146

  • Trump’s granddaughter has 500k YouTube followers and is producing videos from SpaceX launches đŸ˜Ź

  • A sociological rather than psychological notion of susceptibility to being drawn into cults

    Terror, Love and Brainwashing: Attachment in Cults and Totalitarian Systems, by Alexandra Stein loc 2029: For over half a century, then, scholars of totalism from Arendt to Zimbardo have found that there is no personality profile of a potential recruit to a totalist or extremist group. In 2011, a UK government report confirmed yet again…

  • Every time you make a decision you confront your symbolic castration

    From Josh Cohen’s Not Working loc 855: Decisions, after all, involve an inevitable moment of negativity; they intrude brutally into the omniscient fantasy that we can be, do or have whatever we want. From Miss-ing: Psychoanalysis 2.0 by Bruce Fink loc 680-689: the “bedrock of castration,” which we might characterize as follows in Lacan’s terms:   1)…

  • You see a mousetrap, I see free cheese and a fucking challenge

    You see a mousetrap, I see free cheese and a fucking challengeBut you stay quiet for fear of tipping the balanceWhen it’s horses for courses, my horse is distortedI bought it for four quid then forced it through horse shitWe walk through these morbid, remorseless discoursesThen discuss these disgusting new sources

  • We who are your closet friends feel the time has come to tell you that every Thursday we have been meeting as a group

    We Who Are Your Closest Friends, by Phillip Lopate (1943): we who areyour closest friendsfeel the timehas come to tell youthat every Thursdaywe have been meetingas a groupto devise waysto keep youin perpetual uncertaintyfrustrationdiscontent andtortureby neither loving youas much as you wantnor cutting you adriftyour analyst isin on itplus your boyfriendand your ex-husbandand we have…

  • What is the objet petit a for aspiring writers?

    I see so many kids that love being writers more than they love writing From Anne Lamott’s Bird by Bird: Instructions on Writing and Life loc 423: The problem that comes up over and over again is that these people want to be published. They kind of want to write, but they really want to…

  • Writing has so much to give, so much to teach, so many surprises: a dialogue with Claude 3.5 about an incomplete book project

    From Bird by Bird: Instructions on Writing and Life, by Anne Lamott loc 240: Writing has so much to give, so much to teach, so many surprises. That thing you had to force yourself to do—the actual act of writing—turns out to be the best part. It’s like discovering that while you thought you needed…

  • The unexpected words and power that a speaker can find in the right audience

    From Peter Elbow’s Writing With Power pg 184: When listeners really want to hear what we have to say, they seem to suck more words out of us. When listeners are bored or distracted, it is hard to talk clearly and well. And even though larger audiences may seem inherently scary, they sometimes serve to…

  • We can’t escape the trap of desire, but we can approach that trap with greater poise

    This extract from Zizek’s Hegel in a Wired Brain captures something crucial about human desire, caught between our satisfactions (what we actually enjoy in a straightforward way) and the overpowering surpluses which we relate to in ambivalent ways (the compulsion to do something which hurts but energises us). From loc 2852: The paradoxical structure of…

  • The dizzying scale of malpractice by behavioural scientists in business schools

    I wrote earlier in the year about the extent of malpractice within behavioural science, particularly in business schools. There’s an incredibly cutting article in the recent Atlantic going deeply into a crisis which is still very much in motion: Business-school psychologists are scholars, but they aren’t shooting for a Nobel Prize. Their research doesn’t typically…

  • Current mood in AI generated images #145

  • Automatic writing with image generators

    I did a lecture earlier this week in which I surprised myself by how vehemently I argued that image and video generators are (mostly) functionally useless. The problem I think is that you can rarely produce exactly what you want through a precise description. I can see you could stock libraries of generic stock images…

  • Generative AI in the charity sector

    This is an interesting example of how the (imagined) productivity gains of generative AI are being institutionalised into workplace expectations. This is a job for a charity, who I support and am not criticising, calling for ChatGPT as part of an advert for a new general manager: The ideal candidate will embrace new technologies like…

  • Current mood in AI generated images #144

    Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer;Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned;The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity.- The Second Coming, by William Butler…

  • Why spend two minutes trying to tell someone what they meant to you when the platform can write a ‘heartfelt’ message for you?

    I thought this was interesting, if slightly dystopian. Why spend two minutes trying to tell someone what they meant to you when the platform can write a ‘heartfelt’ message for you? This is what it suggested as a ‘heartfelt’ message: As you embark on this new chapter of life, may your days be filled with…

  • Blogging as letting people into your messy studio

    From Peter Elbow’s Writing With Power pg 125: Write for yourself: use freewriting, explore a train of thought, figure out a decision, write yourself out of a depression. You can even dash off pieces for certain audiences on certain occasions when you don’t care how they react. You aren’t giving them a finished product, you…

  • Elon Musk: First Buddy of the United States

  • Current mood in (not) AI generated images #143

  • What is ChatGPT? An introduction to humanism, transhumanism and posthumanism

    I’m sharing these notes for an upcoming talk in case other people find them interesting: Introduction: My Journey Defining The Three Perspectives: Humanism positions human beings at the center of philosophical and moral concern, emphasizing our unique capacity for reason, creativity and meaning-making. It sees consciousness and self-awareness as distinctly human traits that machines can…